“Batthttubs”

englishforeveryone.org
“Batthttubs”
Reading Comprehension – Informational Passages
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

Bathtubs have a very curious history. The bathtub has been in existence for thousands of years.
Given its long history, the modern day bathtub is very different from its predecessors. The bathtub
originated in ancient Rome as a social gathering place. It did not become the private bathtub, common in
American households, until the early 20th century. From its early beginnings in Rome, to cast iron horse
troughs, and eventually to the modern day bathtub, it is clear that the bathtub has had quite an evolution.
The Romans are famous for being one of the first civilizations to bathe. Starting in around 500 BC,
Roman citizens were encouraged to bathe daily in one of the many public bathtubs. The Romans used the
public baths as a place for social events and as a chance to get to know other people. Their public baths were
fairly large and most commonly made of marble. The Romans used lead or bronze pipes to fill the tubs with
water. Contrary to popular belief, the habit of bathing continued after the collapse of the Roman Empire,
and was common throughout the Middle Ages. Bathing eventually went out of fashion at the beginning of
the Renaissance period, only to resurface in the 19th century.
In 1883, the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company and the Kohler Company began producing
cast-iron tubs. These companies advertised their tubs as horse troughs –– large tubs where horses could
drink – because this was seen as a more marketable product than a bathtub. However, human bathing in the
tubs became popular due to the easy to clean surface of the tub, and the desire to prevent disease.
One cannot explain the history of bathtubs without mentioning the name Henry L. Mencken. He was
a journalist who iinfamouslly wrote a false story regardiing the history of bathtubs. In his story, Mencken
wrote that the first bathtub in the United States belonged to Adam Thompson. According to the story, Adam
Thompson put a bathtub in his house in 1842. At a Christmas party, four guests tried the tub, and news of
the bathtub was in the newspaper the next day. Mencken went on to claim that some people were upset
about the news of Thompson’s bathtub because they believed it to be undemocratic. In addition to these, he
fabriicatted several other details. He wrote that the bathtub was dangerous, and that the Philadelphia
Common Council considered disallowing bathing between November 1 and March 15 of that year for health
reasons. He even wrote that several cities put very high taxes on water for houses that had bathtubs.
Mencken claimed that he did not expect people to believe his newspaper story. However, his story
was reprinted in many newspapers. Shortly afterward, historians also began to spread Mencken’s spuriious
story. Eight years after he wrote the false story, Mencken wrote a second story admitting that everything he
had written about bathtubs was false. His story on the bathtub is now considered to be one of the most
famous newspaper hoaxes, or tricks, in history. Even today, some of Mencken’s false information still gets
intermixed with the true history of bathtubs.
Finally, after World War I – and after Mencken’s hoax – many new houses were built in the United
States with indoor plumbing. Previously, most houses in the United States did not have indoor plumbing. In
the early 1920s, only 21% of houses had bathrooms, but by the end of the twentieth century, all new houses
had bathrooms.
Today, there are many different types of bathtubs. Luxury bathtubs are made not only for bathing,
but also for recreation and relaxation. Some homes have hot–tubs, which are also called spas. The hot tub
has a built in heater that keeps the water hot and jets to create bubbles. Some hot tubs even have built–in
sound systems so the bather can listen to music while they relax. There are also tubs made just for the
elderly and disabled. These bathtubs allow people to walk into the tub without having to step over the edge.
It is apparentt that, throughout its long history, the bathtub has changed ttremendouslly since its birth
in ancient Rome.


QQuueessttiioonnss::
11)) AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo MMeenncckkeenn’’ss nneewwssppaappeerr ssttoorryy,, wwhheerree wwaass tthhee ffiirrsstt bbaatthhttuubb llooccaatteedd iinn tthhee UU..SS..??
A. Henry Mencken’s house
B. Adam Thompson’s house
C. Millard Fillmore’s house
D. John Michael Kohler’s house
E. None of the above
22)) MMeenncckkeenn mmoosstt lliikkeellyy wwrriittee aa sseeccoonndd ssttoorryy aabboouutt bbaatthhttuubbss bbeeccaauussee
A. the first story had become so popular.
B. he was finally let out of prison.
C. he felt guilty about lying.
D. he sought revenge on Thompson.
E. Both B and C are correct.
33)) WWhhaatt wweerree tthhee RRoommaann bbaatthhss mmaaddee ooff??
A. Iron
B. Glass
C. Wood
D. Bronze
E. Marble
44)) WWhheenn ddiidd AAmmeerriiccaannss ssttaarrtt bbuuiillddiinngg bbaatthhrroooommss iinn tthheeiirr hhoouusseess??
A. In the mid–1800s
B. In the late 1800s
C. During World War I
D. After World War I
E. At the end of the 1900s
55)) AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee ppaassssaaggee,, wwhhaatt kkiinnddss ooff bbaatthhttuubbss aarree bbeeiinngg mmaaddee ttooddaayy??
A. Spas
B. Hot tubs
C. Walk–in tubs
D. Cast iron tubs
E. A, B, and C are correct.
F. A, C, and D are correct.


VVooccaabbuullaarryy::
11)) AA pprreeddeecceessssoorr iiss ssoommeetthhiinngg tthhaatt ccoommeess……
A. before something else.
B. during something else.
C. after something else.
D. None of the above are correct.
E. Both A and B are correct.
22)) IIff ssoommeetthhiinngg iiss iinnffaammoouuss,, iitt iiss……
A. heinous.
B. audacious.
C. laudatory.
D. insignificant.
E. notorious.
33)) TThhee bbeesstt ssyynnoonnyymm ffoorr rreeggaarrddiinngg iiss……
A. about
B. so
C. through
D. denying
E. supporting
44)) MMeenncckkeenn’’ss ssttoorryy wwaass ffaabbrriiccaatteedd.. TThhiiss……
A. means it was complicated.
B. means it was popular.
C. means it was accurate.
D. means it was genuine.
E. means it was fictitious.
55)) TThhee bbeesstt ssyynnoonnyymm ffoorr ssppuurriioouuss iiss……
A. kind.
B. unaware.
C. false.
D. genuine.
E. authentic.
66)) TThhee bbeesstt ssyynnoonnyymm ffoorr aappppaarreenntt iiss……
A. clear.
B. muddled.
C. correct.
D. appropriate.
E. proper.
77)) IIff ssoommeetthhiinngg iiss ttrreemmeennddoouuss,, iitt iiss……
A. small.
B. significant.
C. incorrect.
D. passionate.
E. dubious.

“Celllls”

englishforeveryone.org
“Celllls”
Reading Comprehension – Informational Passages (5)
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

Your body is made of trillions of tiny living things. They are called cells. There are 210 different
kinds of cells in your body. Each kind of cell has a different shape. Each kind of cell is a different size.
Each kind of cell has a different job. The same types of cells usually work together in groups. The
groups are called tissues. More cells can be made when the cells split. They form more cells that are just
like the parents.
Some of your cells are nerve cells. They are also called neurons. They carry siignalls through
your body. The signals are messages that tell your body to move. Your brain has about 100 billion
neurons! The connections between neurons are called synapses. Each neuron has between 1,000 and
10,000 synapses. There are about one quadrillion synapses in your brain. That's 1,000,000,000,000,000
synapses in your brain! There are about 1 billion neurons in your spinal cord, the bundle of nerves that
goes from your brain all the way down your back.
Some of your cells are red blood cells. They carry oxygen (O) through your body. They pick up
carbon dioxide (CO2) and help your body gett riid of it. Your body wants to eliminate CO2 because it is a
waste product. Blood also helps your body stay warm. Conversely, blood cools off your brain, because it
gets very hot.
Some of your cells are white blood cells. The white blood cells help your body fight sickness.
Some of the white blood cells, called T–cells, fight viruses and other cells that do not belong in your
body. T–cells work with B–cells to fight off the disease cells. They tell your brain to give you a fever so
the disease cells will not be able to grow. Many diseases cannot grow when your body is hot. And some
white cells eat disease cells! Go white blood cells!
Some of your cells are bone cells. They are also called osteocytes. Osteocytes make bone. The
bone grows to form all around them. The osteocytes get food through tiny strings that go to nearby
blood vessels. Blood vessels are the tubes that carry blood in your body.
Some of your cells are skin cells. They are also called epithelial cells. They grow your skin. Your
skin keeps dirt off your tissues. Your skin forms the outside of some organs, like your stomach and
lungs. An adult has about 9 pounds of skin on his or her body.
Some of your cells are liver cells. They are also called hepatocytes. These cells check your
blood. They make sure your blood has the right amount of sugars in it. They also help clean poisons
from your body. They help make substances that help your blood to clot, or stick together. They clean
alcohol from your body if you drink alcohol or take medicine with alcohol in it.
Some of your cells are fat cells. Their job is to sttore fat. The fat is a place where your body keeps
or sttores energy. The fat pads the organs in your body. The layers of fat also help keep your body warm.
Your body weight depends on how fast your body stores fat compared to how fast your body uses up
energy.
Some of your cells are muscle cells. Your muscles are made of these cells. They are also called
myocytes. Your neurons send the messages to move muscles that are connected to your bones and your
skeletal muscles. However, your nerve cells do not tell your heart muscles when to beat. Your heart
muscles and smooth muscles have inner signals that tell them to move. Smooth muscles are muscles that
you do not have to think about, like the muscles that work in the digestion of food.
Your cells are busy all the time. Even while you are sleeping, your cells are working hard to keep
your body alive and healthy.


Questtiions::
1) Whatt iis ttrue aboutt celllls?
A. Each type has a different shape.
B. Each type has a different job.
C. Each type is a different size.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. Both A and C are correct.
2) Neurons are iimporttantt because tthey…
A. carry messages in your body.
B. tell your body when to move.
C. carry oxygen through your body.
D. help your body fight sickness.
E. Both A and B are correct.
F. Both A and C are correct.
3) Whatt kiind of celllls keep diirtt off your
body’s organs?
A. Neurons
B. Skin cells
C. Epithelial cells
D. Red blood cells
E. Both B and C are correct.
4) Whatt do lliiver celllls do?
A. They clear poisons out of your body.
B. They pad the organs in your body.
C. They tell your heart when to beat.
D. They fight viruses in your body.
E. They keep your body warm.
5) Whatt iis an examplle of smootth musclle?
A. The muscles connected to your bones
B. The muscles that digest food
C. Your arm muscles
D. Both A and B
E. None of the above


Vocabullarry::
1) Siignalls are…
A. signs.
B. neurons.
C. messages.
D. Both A and C are correct.
E. All of the above.
2) If you gett riid of sometthiing,, you…
A. eliminate it.
B. destroy it.
C. burn it.
D. crush it.
E. All of the above.
3) If you have a fever,, your body iis…
A. hot.
B. cool.
C. quiet.
D. in pain.
E. Both B and C are correct.
4) Whatt iis a bodiilly organ?
A. Tissues that do a certain job
B. A body part that has a task
C. Any group of cells
D. Both A and B are correct.
E. None of the above.
5) Whatt iis tthe bestt synonym for sttore?
A. Use
B. Keep
C. Burn
D. Move
E. Check

MOTHER'S DAY

Englishforeveryone.org
MOTHER'S DAY
Reading Comprehension – Informational Passages
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

The idea of Mother’s Day is a very old idea. This idea dates back to the ancient Egyptians, who
celebrated a day to honor Isis, the mother of the pharaohs. The Egyptians were not the only ones who
felt the need to honor their mothers. The ancient Greeks celebrated a day to honor Rhea, the mother of
the gods. The Romans built a temple to the mother of the gods, named Magna Mater. They also held a
celebration every March in her honor. The early Christians celebrated a day to honor Mary, the mother
of Jesus. Later, English Christians expanded the celebration to honor all mothers. This English holiday
was called “Mothering Sunday.” When the English colonists came to America, they did not have time
for Mothering Sunday, so the holiday was not celebrated in America.
During the U.S. Civil War, mothers on both sides of the war lost sons. The country was very sad.
Grieving mothers from both sides had meetings. Sometimes families had been torn apart by the war. In
1868, Ann Reeves Jarvis started a committee to help families get back together after the war. This
committee tried to establish a “Mothers’ Friendship Day” for mothers who had lost sons in the war.
Unfortunately, Ann Reeves Jarvis died in 1905, so she did not see that the day eventually became
popular.
Another woman, Julia Ward Howe was also against the war. She was also against slavery. She
declared the first official Mother’s Day in 1870, and held an anti–war Mother’s Day observance. She
funded this observance with her own money every year for several years, but an annual Mother’s Day
celebration still did not catch on in the U.S. However, the idea stayed alive.
Meanwhile, Anna M. Jarvis, The daughter of Ann Reeves Jarvis, wanted to honor her mother.
She requested that her mother’s West Virginia church be allowed to celebrate a Mother’s Day in 1908 in
honor of her mother. Every mother at church that day received two carnations –– Ann Reeves Jarvis’
favorite flower. Now, carnations and other flowers are associated with Mother’s Day because they were
handed out at the first celebration of Mother’s Day.
In 1914, the U.S. Congress passed a law which desiignatted the second Sunday in May as
Mother’s Day. In the same year, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the first Mother’s Day. He
called for the flying of the flag to honor the mothers who had lost sons in war.
Mother’s Day is celebrated in many other countries. In Mexico, Dia de las Madres is celebrated
on May 10. It is a popular holiday celebrated by schools, churches, and civic groups. Children give their
mothers flowers and handmade cards. Schools present performances in honor of mothers as part of the
national observance of Dia de las Madres.
In China, ten distinguished mothers are chosen to receive government recognition. National
drives for mothers living in poverty are also held. The holiday is a demonstration of the respect the
Chinese have for the elderly, and the love they have for their parents.
In India, children send their mothers cards and flowers and cook a meal for their mothers.
Companies launch women’s products on Mother’s Day, and restaurants advertise heavily for Mother’s
Day; the day has become commerciialliized.
In Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Ireland, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the
same day as in the United States –– the second Sunday in May. People mark the day in the same way
that they do in the United States. Children give their mothers cards, gifts, and flowers. Churches and
schools give special Mother’s Day presentations, and civic groups observe the day.
The first President of the U.S., George Washington, said of his own mother, “My mother was the
most beautiful woman I ever saw. All I am I owe to my mother. I attribute all my success in life to the
moral, intellectual and physical education I received from her.”


Questtiions::
1) Who buiilltt a ttemplle tto Magna Matter?
A. The Greeks
B. The Romans
C. The early Christians
D. The American colonists
E. None of the above
2) Why diid Ann Reeves Jarviis wantt a
speciiall day?
A. To help Civil War mothers
B. To honor her own mother
C. To honor mothers of soldiers
D. Both A and C are correct.
E. All of the above
3) Whatt diid motthers receiive att tthe fiirstt
Motther’s Day iin Westt Viirgiiniia?
A. flowers
B. presents
C. handmade cards
D. Both A and B are correct.
E. Both B and C are correct.
4) Whiich U..S.. Presiidentt fiirstt procllaiimed
Motther’s Day?
A. Harry Truman
B. John Kennedy
C. Woodrow Wilson
D. Abraham Lincoln
E. George Washington
5) In whatt year diid tthe U..S.. Congress
desiignatte tthe second Sunday iin May as
Motther’s Day?
A. 1862
B. 1868
C. 1908
D. 1914
E. 1962


Vocabullarry::
1) The bestt synonym for honor iis…
A. respect.
B. explain.
C. perform.
D. describe.
E. decrease.
2) Expanded means…
A. made larger.
B. made famous.
C. dressed up.
D. made up.
E. gave in.
3) Whatt does funded mean?
A. Looked at
B. Celebrated
C. Watched
D. Paid for
E. Both A and C are correct.
4) The bestt synonym for desiignatted iis…
A. required.
B. named.
C. wished.
D. hired.
E. left.
5) If sometthiing iis commerciialliized iitt iis…
A. used to make a profit.
B. celebrated for mothers.
C. proclaimed a holiday.
D. made into a new law.
E. used to fund military expansion.

“Slleep”

englishforeveryone.org
“Slleep”
Reading Comprehension – Informational Passages
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

“Wake up!” Do you hear these words often? If so, maybe you are not getting enough sleep. What is
sleep? Why do people sleep? How much sleep do you need?
All people sleep. All mammals and birds also sleep. Some reptiles, amphibians, and fish sleep too.
Scientists understand some of the reasons for sleep. But they do not understand everything about it.
There are two kinds of sleep in mammals and birds. One kind of sleep is Rapid Eye Movement sleep,
which we call REM sleep. The other kind of sleep is Non–Rapid Eye Movement sleep, which we call NREM or
non–REM sleep. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine divides NREM sleep into three sttages: N1, N2,
and N3 sleep.
When people first go to sleep, they are in NREM sleep. The first stage of NREM sleep is N1 sleep.
During N1 sleep, people get very drowsy. Some people have muscle twitches during this part of sleep. People
are not very consciious of, or aware of, their surroundings during this stage of sleep. Brain monitors identify
small, slow, and irregular brain waves during N1 sleep. The second stage of sleep is N2 sleep. People are not at
all conscious of their surroundings during N2 sleep. About 45%-55% of total adult sleep is N2 sleep. Brain
monitors identify large brain waves with quick bursts of activity during N2 sleep. The third stage of sleep is N3
sleep. It is very deep sleep. Brain monitors identify very slow brain waves during N3 sleep. Therefore, N3 sleep
is called slow–wave sleep (SWS.)
After N3 sleep, people cycle back to lighter N2 sleep before going into REM sleep. People cycle
through the stages of NREM sleep 4 or 5 times each night and enter REM sleep several times during one night.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and the eyes move quickly beneath closed eyelids. During REM sleep, people
and animals are parallyzed. Scientists think people enter a state in which they cannot move so they will not hurt
themselves while they are dreaming.
The National Sleep Foundation in the United States says that 7–9 hours of sleep daily is best for an
adult. Seven to nine hours of sleep is good for memory, alertness, problem–solving, and health. Less than six
hours of sleep affects the ability to think. Getting too much sleep may not be good for people either. Too much
sleep is linked to sickness and depression.
Babies need a lot more sleep than adults. A newborn infant needs up to 18 hours of sleep each day. A
baby spends about nine hours in REM sleep. Five–year–olds need 11–13 hours of sleep each day. A five–year–
old spends about 2 hours in REM sleep. Teenagers need 9–10 hours of sleep each day. Pregnant women need
more sleep than other adults. Many people think that ellderlly people need less sleep than younger adults, but that
is not true. Most adults do well with 7–9 hours of sleep.
Scientists are not sure of all the reasons for sleep. They know that sleep helps the body heal and grow.
Sleep helps the immune system – which helps people fight disease. Sleep helps the iinfantt brain grow. It seems
that REM sleep is especially important for babies’ brain growth. It also seems that sleep is a time for processing
memories. Why do we dream? Some scientists believe that dreams have a psychological purpose. Some think
that dreams help organize our brains. Some think that dreams are the result of random brain activity during
REM sleep.
Sleep patterns differ substantially from culture to culture. Cultures with arttiifiiciiall light have different
sleep patterns from cultures without artificial light (like electric lamps.) In cultures that use artificial light,
people usually go to sleep later at night, and they sleep through the night. In other cultures, people often sleep
for two periods. They go to sleep shortly after the sun goes down. They sleep deeply for several hours. Then,
they tend to wake up for several hours. Afterward, they go to sleep again for several more hours. In hunter–
gatherer groups, people sleep off and on throughout the day and night.
People sleep in a variety of places, too. Some people sleep on the ground. Some sleep on mats or in
beds. Some use pillows, blankets, and other bedding. But they all sleep!
Good night! Sweet dreams!

Questtiions::

1) Whatt happens duriing REM slleep?
A. The sleeper dreams.
B. The sleeper becomes paralyzed.
C. The sleeper’s eyes move rapidly.
D. All of the above are correct.
E. Both A and C are correct.

2) How much slleep shoulld an adulltt gett?
A. 6-8 hours.
B. 8 hours.
C. 7-9 hours.
D. At least 9 hours.
E. As much as possible.

3) Whiich group needs tthe mostt slleep?
A. Babies
B. Teenagers
C. Adults
D. Pregnant women
E. Elderly adults

4) Whatt are some of tthe known reasons
why peoplle slleep?
A. In order to grow
B. In order to stay healthy
C. In order to fight sickness
D. In order to improve problem–solving
E. All of the above

5) Why do peoplle dream?
A. Dreams might help organize our
brains.
B. Dreams might be random brain
activity.
C. Dreams might have a psychological
purpose.
D. Dreams might reenergize your body.
E. A and B are correct.
F. A, B, and C are correct.

Vocabullarry::

1) Sttages are…
A. time periods.
B. eras in history.
C. memories.
D. reasons.
E. drawn out situations.

2) If you are consciious of sometthiing,,…
A. you know about it.
B. you are aware of it.
C. you have trouble thinking.
D. Both A and B are correct.
E. Both A and C are correct.

3) If you are parallyzed,, you…
A. cannot sleep.
B. cannot move.
C. do not dream.
D. do not understand.
E. do not fight sickness.

4) The bestt synonym for ellderlly peoplle iis…
A. babies.
B. children.
C. teenagers.
D. older adults.
E. pregnant women.

5) Whatt iis an iinfantt?
A. A newborn baby
B. A young child
C. An adult
D. Both A and B are correct.
E. Both A and C are correct.

6) If sometthiing iis arttiifiiciiall,, iitt iis…
A. realistic.
B. true.
C. non-natural.
D. non-human.
E. non-functional.

The Robiin

englishforeveryone.org

Inttermediiatte Criittiicall Readiing – The Robiin

The North American Robin is usually called the “robin.” The robin is a bird. The male robin
has a bright red breast. The robin has a cheerful song.
Robins live throughout North America. They live in Canada. They live in Alaska. They live
in the 48 lower states. In the winter, robins go south. In the winter, some robins go to central
Mexico. Some robins go to the 5 Pacific coast.
Robins eat during the day. Robins eat beetles. Robins eat berries. Robins eat fruits. Robins
eat about 40% invertebrates like beetles and grubs. Robins eat about 60% fruits and berries. Mother
robins find food for baby robins. Father robins find food for baby robins. Baby robins eat worms.
Baby robins eat other soft-bodied animals too.
10 Squirrels prey on robin eggs and baby robins. Snakes prey on baby robins and robin eggs.
Some other birds prey on baby robins and robin eggs. Blue jays prey on baby robins and robin eggs.
Crows prey on baby robins and robin eggs. Hawks prey on adult robins. Cats prey on adult robins.
Snakes prey on adult robins.
To stay safe, robins stay vigilant. Robins pay close attention to their surroundings. When
15 they gather in groups, they watch other robins for signs of danger. Robins give loud warning calls
when a dangerous predator approaches. Although robins are territorial, they band together for
protection from predators.
The robin is a sign a spring. Some people think that seeing the first robin of springtime brings
good luck.

Questtiions

1.. According to the passage, which of the following statements is/are true?
I) Some robins go to South America during the winter.
II) The female robin has a bright red breast.
III) Cats hunt adult robins.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) II and III only

2.. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
A) Squirrels hunt baby robins.
B) Other animals prey on robins.
C) Adult robins do not care for their young.
D) Crows and hawks hunt adult robins.
E) Other birds steal robin eggs.

3.. In line 14, vigilant most closely means
A) attentive
B) dangerous
C) noisy
D) safe
E) territorial

READING III

KONTRAK KULIAH

JURUSAN	:	BAHASA DAN SENI
PROGRAM STUDI	:	PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
MATA KULIAH	:	READING III
KODE	:	MKK 3162
SKS	:	2 SKS
SEMESTER	:	II
DOSEN	:	SANTI LAKHSMI WATI
COURSE DESCRIPTION	:	The course is aimed at developing the student’s reading proficiency in English up to pre advanced level.
THE PURPOSE	:	The course develops the student’s ability to understanding details, analyzing organization and seeing relationship, distinguish between facts an opinion and analyzing the author’s intention.
MATERI POKOK	:	1.      Looking for and understanding the details 2.      Analyzing organization of the text and Seeing relationship 3.      Distinguishing between facts and opinion 4.      Analyzing the author’s intention
METODE PEMBELAJARAN	:	1.      Lecturing 2.      Reading aloud 3.      Information search 4.      Discussion 5.      Translating 6.      Vocabulary building
EVALUATION	:	Attendance  10% Assignment  20% Middle test  30% Final test      40%
EVALUATION METHOD	:	a)      Hand book b)      Team work c)      Home assignment d)     Send email
REFERENCES	:	Priyana,joko. 2008. interlanguage. Jakarta:grasindo J.B.Heaton and K.Methold.1973.Reading with understanding 1.jogjakarta:kanisius Walter,Catherine.1986.Genuine Article.Authentic Reading Text For Intermediate Students of American English.UK:Cambridge University Press Watson,Three.2000.Reading Comprehension.English in Context.USA:Saddleback Publishing Inc

UNIT 5, Getting Ideas in Writing

UNIT 5

Getting Ideas in Writing

Ideas come from lots of places, but the one place they never, ever come from is a sheet of blank paper. Blank paper will never lead to anything better than more blank paper. That’s why, if I had any rules for writing (which I don’t), my first and last rule would be: Anything is better than a blank page. Getting ideas isn’t usually a matter of having one giant brainstorm. More often, it’s a matter of gradually accumulating a little idea here, another little idea there. Eventually they all add up. Here are four foolproof ways to get some words down on that blank.

Making a list (or ‘brainstorming’ or ‘think-tanking’) is the best way I know to get started with a piece of writing. Your mind can flit around the topic quickly. You don’t have to write a list in sentences, so you don’t get bogged down trying to think of the right words. You can just write anything that comes to mind.

Making a cluster diagram is really just another kind of list, but one that develops into little clusters of like-minded ideas. If yours is one of those brains that work best visually, a cluster diagram might be a user-friendly way to start writing.

Researching or independent investigation means finding some information to use in your writing. The obvious place to do research is in books, but you can also do it on the Net, from videos and by gathering your own information first-hand (doing interviews, conducting experiments, etc.).

Freewriting (or ‘speedwriting’ or ‘free-associating’) just means non-stop talking onto the page. Because you can’t stop to think, your unconscious gets to have a go.

COMPREHENSION

1.     Answer the questions!

1)     What’s the topic of the text?

2)     What’s the main idea from the text above?

3)     Mention some supporting details from the text?

4)     What do the following words refer to?

a.      “i” paragraph 1 line 3 refer to...

b.      “you” paragraph 2 line 3 refer to...

c.      “it” paragraph 4 line 3 refer to...

2.     True or false! Write T for each true statement and F for each false statement.

a.       Ideas come from one place.

b.     Blank paper will never lead to anything better

c.      Making a list is the best way to get started of writing

d.     There are four foolproof ways to get some words down on that blank.

e.      Researching or independent investigation means non-stop talking onto the page

3.     Fill the blank

a.      Electronic information system will ... the using of papers.

b.     The teacher perhaps that the students... in the class room.

c.      The ability of the students will be ... by using teaching aid.

d.     The lectures have to make a learning ....

e.      The ability of the students in listening and speaking ... one another.

Integrate, design, Improve, active , decrease.

4.     Find the word in the text above and find the opposite!

Improve
Integrate
remember
use
designed
active
decreases

5.     Retell the story above!

UNIT 4, The 4th of July in Colorado

UNIT 4

The 4^th of July in Colorado

            Many American cities have rodeos but Greeley, Colorado, has the "Worlds' Largest Fourth of July Rodeo." The city was named after Horace Greeley, a well-known newspaperman for the New York Tribune. One of his famous sayings was "Go west, Young Man, go west." In 1869, he sent one of his reporters west to Colorado to write a story about farming.

The reporter, Nathan C. Meeker, liked the area so much he stayed and started a town named after his boss. It was Meeker's vision that helped establish a successful community based on, among other qualities, cooperation, agriculture, irrigation, and education.

Every year the people of Greeley celebrate Independence Day with a rodeo. In the early days, the rodeo was a small local event, but it grew more and more popular. In 1922, more than 10,000 people came to the rodeo, and the town officially named the event the "Greeley Fourth of July Celebration and the Spud Rodeo and Horseshow."

 They called it the spud rodeo because spuds (another name for potatoes) are an important crop grown around Greeley. A few years later, even more people came to the rodeo, when famous cowboys started competing with the local ranch hands. Today, the rodeo lasts for two weeks and is called the Greeley Independence Stampede. 

COMPREHENSION

1.     Answer the questions briefly!

1)     When and where did the story take place?

2)     What’s the text tell about?

3)     Who was Horace Greeley?

4)     What is the major crop in the Greeley area?

5)     What do the following words refer to?

a.      “he” paragraph 1 line 4 refer to...

b.      “it” paragraph 2 line 2 refer to...

c.      “it” paragraph 3 line 2 refer to...

d.     “they” paragraph 4 line 1 refer to...

2.     True or false! Write T for each true statement and F for each false statement.

a.      Greeley, Colorado was named after its founder.

b.     In 1922, the Greeley rodeo was an event for only local residents.

c.      Greeley, Colorado, has the "Worlds' Largest Fourth of July Rodeo.

d.     spuds are an important crop grown around Greeley

e.      the people of Greeley celebrate Independence Day with a rodeo

3.     Fill the blank

a.      Every year the people of Greeley  ... Independence Day with a rodeo

b.     The Meeker's vision ... establish a successful community

c.      The rodeo was a ... local event before 1922.

d.     Spuds are an ... crop grown around Greeley.

e.      Today, ... is called the Greeley Independence Stampede. 

the rodeo, important, small, helped , celebrate.

4.     Find the word in the text above and find the meaning!

Agriculture
compete
cooperation
crop
irrigation
officially
quality
ranch
rodeo
stampede 

5.     Retell the story above!